Each word subcategory follows its own syntactic rules, so it has its own linking formulas. However, division into subcategories is not enough to build linking formulas because words in the same subcategory can also have different ways of linking.
![the thesis has built a dictionary based on the classification in [16] (subcategory level). details 1](uploads/2023/06/24/links-of-nouns-acting-subject-complement-1.jpg)
The thesis has built a dictionary based on the classification in [16] (subcategory level).
Details of typical links are presented in the appendix.
2.1.2. Link building for nouns
Nouns are words that appear with the greatest frequency in sentences. In [2], some characteristics related to the connection of words were stated when dividing nouns into subcategories:
Distinct and undistinguished nouns
- Distinct nouns are nouns for people, nouns for furniture, nouns for animals and plants, and nouns for some abstract concepts. Nouns of this type can be combined with a natural unit (" the "," con "," " picture " ...).
- Undifferentiated nouns indicating materials combined with nouns indicating conventional units such as " ton ", " weight "...
Countable and uncountable nouns
- Direct countable nouns: some specific nouns, nouns indicating monetary, administrative, and organizational units... (for example: " three dong ", " two agencies ").
- Non-countable nouns: There is no direct relationship to the number of words, but through the natural unit, for example, nouns indicating animals, plants ... (for example: "three roses", " four cats " )
Exportable nouns and non-exportable nouns
- Nouns can only be combined with the word " that ", for example the word " commune " - " this commune "
- Nouns that cannot only be combined with the word "that" must pass through another unit, for example " student ", must say " this student ".
In order to build a Vietnamese dictionary, [16] had a classification suitable for automatic processing, so the thesis followed the method of [16]. Accordingly, the noun subcategories are divided into smaller groups, each of which can have its own associations representing the phenomena mentioned in [2]. The thesis dictionary built according to this classification has additional exceptions: some entries are merged into one, while others are added. Details of the association of each word type are presented in the appendix.
2.1.2.1. Links of nouns act as subject and complement
The most important role of a noun is as a subject. Regarding predicates, in Vietnamese the most common types of predicates are verbs (especially the relative verb " is ") and adjectives. Thus, the connections SV+, SA+, and DT_LA+ are certainly present in all types of nouns, except for type nouns and some groups of unit nouns. Nouns are also direct and indirect objects of actions, so in general, nouns connect O- (direct complement) and IO- (indirect complement) with verbs, LA_DT- with verbs. relationship “ is ” For details on the association formulas see the appendix.
2.1.2.2. Link building based on noun structure
Considering the structure of the noun, it is possible to find the relationships in which the noun plays a central role. Nguyen Chi Hoa [8] thinks that only one noun is the center of a noun, but Nguyen Tai Can [2] chooses the option of two central words. Anyway, that doesn't affect the number of connections. In the most complete case, a noun can have the structure shown in Figure 2.1. below (according to [8]):
| -3 | -2 | -first | Center | first | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Figure 2.1 . Noun structure with all the elements
On that structure diagram, consider two types: auxiliary elements before and auxiliary elements after nouns.
a. Sub-element before the noun
- The first position (numbered -3) is reserved for the auxiliary element that has the effect of complementing the central noun in terms of quantity, about the whole thing, specifically including the following types of words:
– Quantitative pronouns, for example “ all ”, “ all ”, “ all ”, “ all ”, “ some ”.
- Abstract nouns mean the whole: " whole ".
- The second preceding position (-2) is for quantity nouns (singular, plural, quantity) such as:
– Plural adjectives: “ thes ”, “ thes ”, “ every ”, “ few ”, “ many ”, singular adjectives “ each ”, “ every ”…
– Number of words: in words: “ one ”, “ two ”…, in numbers: 1269
- The third front position (-1): this is the position that [2] ranks as the central element, for:
– Nouns of type: Nouns of the type “ con ”, “ that ”, “ cuong ”… are divided into the linking category with 6 subcategories of specific nouns.
– Unit nouns: [16] divides unit nouns into 4 types of units of measure and two other categories: administrative organization and frequency.
The following is a description of the connection form for the position before the noun:
- Connection for third sub-component (-1)
The third auxiliary element can be a noun of a type or a noun of a unit. Only when the central noun is a proper noun or a specific noun does the third subjunctive appear. Consider two cases for two types of nouns in the third auxiliary position:
Nouns of categories : Nouns of categories are composed of many sets, each set goes with only a few nouns. For example, " co ", " car " goes with objects, " uncle ", " boy " goes with nouns referring to people. In order to ensure the accuracy of the linkage analysis, the thesis proposes different types of connections for each type of noun that can be combined with a noun indicating the type.
Proper nouns indicating names of people have the connection NcN1- to nouns of types related to people such as: " she ", " uncle ", " child "...
For example : The phrases " Mrs. Clinton ", " Uncle Cuoi " contain the NcN1 association between the noun of the type and the proper name.
Proper nouns refer to the name of the work with the connection NcN4- to nouns indicating the type of thing.
Example : The phrase “ Bible ” contains the NcN4 link between the word “ book ” and the word “ Bible ”.
Specific Nouns : Depending on the type of noun, determine different types of association with nouns of the type, for example, " man ", " child " goes with nouns referring to people, while " tia " goes with nouns. phenomenon only. The division into 6 types of links ensures the correct representation of Vietnamese usage:
- Person: NcNt1-
- Animal: NcNt2
- Plant: NcNt3-
- Tools and supplies : NcNt4-
- Phenomenon: NcNt5-
- Concept: NcNt6-
Some nouns that are not only type but are used as nouns of type also have the same connections as above, for example " she ", " duc "...
Unit Nouns : Unit nouns usually come with a word count. In [16], unit nouns have been divided into 6 subcategories, but only 4 subcategories: exact scientific measurement, folk measurement, time, currency, which is always accompanied by the number of words on the left and noun word on the right, for example “ 2 kg of paddy ”.
The linking formula for this type of unit noun is built as follows:
- Add for NuNt- Connecting Noun.
- Add to unit nouns McNu- & {NuNt+}. This recipe requires the form of the phrase to be , such as " two meters of fabric " or " two meters ".
- Add for McNu+ link word count.
Two other subcategories of nouns indicating other units, administrative and organizational units (“ wards ”, “ communes ”….) and frequency units (“ times ”, “ sessions ”, “ batches ”…) do not appear. in the third subcomponent position.
- Connection for second sub-component (-2)